Chapter One
(Introduction)
Statement of the
problem
Child
labor is a pervasive problem throughout the world, especially in developing
countries the issue of working children is a common phenomenon all over the
world. The phrase "child labor" describes the employment of minors in
illegal jobs or other activities, i.e., jobs and activities that are ethically
and socially unacceptable. even of possible injury should such risk
materialize. Think about common workplace hazards: a tool (a knife blade, a
tall ladder), a material (asbestos), a solvent (benzene), an energy source
(electricity), a task (welding), a general practice (growing tobacco), a
physical environment (wet floor), a psychological environment (intimidation),
and a condition of work (excessive hours). Some of these risks, like cuts from
blades and blindness from welding, have evident potential for harm. As children
are the future of nation the welfare of the entire community, its growth and
development depends on the health, strength and well-being of its children. But
it is true that children are most vulnerable in the family as well as in
society. They need appropriate care for survival and healthy development.
" “Despite governments changing programs,
policies and laws, and signing the ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child
Labor, thousands of children continue to work in harsh conditions, putting
their physical and mental health at risk.
The harsh truth is that they are engaged in
jobs that force them into difficult situations.
'' They
have a fundamental right to education. A government survey revealed that nearly
1. 3 million child laborers out of a total of 1. 7 million are engaged in
hazardous work. They are paid starvation wages and often work in non-compliant
factories and workshops or as domestic servants, putting them at risk of
injury, illness, physical and verbal abuse, and even death. '(Daily Star,
November 21, 2017). There are several push and pull factors that need to be
identified. However, there are still many dangerous jobs in Bangladesh that
involve psychological, physical, economic and child abuse. Many human rights
and social organizations have worked
hard to reduce the number of child labor around the world.
This study was mainly conducted to investigate
the overall situation in Sylhet city, especially the impact on the physical and
mental health, economic situation and challenges of children working in auto
repair shops. The study aims to find out why children participate in such
activities and what consequences they
face.
General objectives
of the study
To
explore the overall condition of children who are working in auto-mobile
workshop.
Specific objectives
I. To
explain the reasons for working as a child labor.
II. To
analysis the health status of the child labor.
III To
explain the hazards and risks associated with the work.
IV. To
analysis the problems and challenges that child workers face in the work.
Significance of the study
Child
labor is a social problem and it is an outcome of various socio-economic
factors and some other. Children work at different places to help their family
and to fulfill their financial and social requirements. At their work centers
they faced lot of problems like harassment, abuses, punishments, lack of wages
etc. which effects their badly.
They
become weak physically as well as mentally. Those children feel some of sense
of inferiority complex at all times, and
could not play any vital role in building nation.
This
study will help to understand the factors leading to child labor, and to make
strategies for untimely reducing child labor not only any in automobile
workshops but also in its all forms.
General meaning of
the ‘Child Worker’
The
team child labor means to when children are working in any type of work that is
dangerous and harmful to children's health on the work hinders their education
(verma, 2018).
Child
labor is defines as work that deprives children of their childhood, their
Potential and dignity is harmful to physical and mental development.
The WHO defines child victimization as all
forms of physical and emotional all treatment, sexual abuse, neglect negligent
treatment on commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual on potential
harm to the child health, Survival, development or dignity in the context of a
Relationship of responsibility, trust or power.
According
to UNICEF, Child labor is wonk that is likely to interfere with child's
education and development, labors that exceeds a minimum number of hours, labor
that is hazardous; or labor performed by a child who is underage according to
state legislation.
So we can say that child labor means those who
are below 18 years of age and who work 8-10 hours and 48-60 hours in a week.
Rationale of the
study
Child
labor is an acute problem in Bangladesh. It is noticed that increased child
labor in Bangladesh has become an alarming issue in recent years due to poverty.
Some other push and pull factors also work behind it. As a consequence children
are getting deprived of educational opportunities and also from their basic
needs. "Children's bodies, minds and judgment develop even in the late
teens; their reproductive systems and brain functions are particularly
susceptible to any hazard that interferes with that process. Adolescence is the
last period of rapid cell growth. Exposure to pesticides, neurotoxic ants,
endocrine disruptors, allergens or carcinogens during this critical period can
be dangerous. Adolescent bodies absorb a higher dose of toxicants because of
their relatively higher rate of breathing and metabolism per unit of body
weight, and they can react more strongly to these toxicants than adults "ILO
report, 2010). As Children are considered as the future of a nation, the
welfare of the entire community depends on the wellbeing of the children. So it
is the moral responsibility of a nation to ensure the basic needs and provide
all facilities to become a complete man. According to the International Labor
Organization definition (right), there are about 3.2 million child laborers in
Bangladesh. Though several national and international organizations and
Government policies are available for dealing with this burning issue, still
Children's involvement with auto-mobile workshop is quite visible in Sylhet city.
Therefore an attempt should be taken to address them appropriately and bring
them into the light. This study concentrate to highlight the current situation
of working children specially who are working in automobile workshop and give
some recommendation to improve their
existing situation.
Review of the
relevant literature
The
study represents the scenario of child labor and its effect on child health not
only in India but also all over the world. Over 170 million children worldwide
still work in order to sustain their basic needs. About 22000 working children
die due to occupational hazards every year. The major occupational
diseases/morbidity of concern in India are silicosis, muscular-skeletal
injuries, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive lung diseases,
asbestosis, by sinuses, pesticide poisoning and noise induced hearing loss.
This article tried to show that though some attempts have been taken by several
NGOs, still much more is to be done for improving the occupational health
research and at the end some effective suggestions have been given. (Sarita
Bharti, 2013)
Based
on a survey conducted in Sylhet city, this study found that child workers are
suffering from different physical and psychological problems and that more than
half of them receive their medical assistance from local health care providers
who have no recognized qualifications. The study maintains that working from an
early age impedes the children's physical growth and intellectual and
psychological development, which then also has negative effects on their
long-term health. (Uddin, Hamiduzzaman, & Gunter, 2009)
The
study looked at a variety of child labor issues based on a survey in the Dhaka
City Corporation, which provides findings on important differentials of the
child labor, like, for example, the causes of child labor. He concludes that
child labor cannot be completely eliminated unless Bangladesh's economy is
developed sufficiently to create job opportunities for the vast majority of its
adult work force and that poverty alleviation is a pre-condition to elimination
or at least minimization of child labor. Given the chronic economic issue of
child labor in Bangladesh, it cannot be stopped simply by a piece of
legislation. Instead, it can be eliminated only by adoption of suitable long
term economic measures that eliminate the need for child labor.( kalam, 2007)
This
study sought to determine the impact of child labor on children's health by
correlating existing health indicators with the prevalence of child labor in
selected developing countries. It has identified Child labor was significantly
and positively related to adolescent mortality, to a population's nutrition
level and to the presence of infectious disease and at the end of the paper
they recommended that longitudinal studies are required to understand the
short- and long-term health effects of child labor on necessary health
services. Even they are abused
physically
and sexually. Although many governmental and non-governmental organizations
have taken several progressive steps to decrease child labor from society still
it exists due to the weak implications of low. (Zaman, Matin & Kibria,
2014)
Some of
the core causes for the expansion of child labor within a short span of time in
Bangladesh are poverty, number of family members, economic safety for elders,
mental torture on children and broken family. (Emerson and Kanbb, 2006)
According
to Siddiqi and Patrinos - Child labor is a problem faced by developing
countries throughout the world. Parental decision plays vital in promoting
child labor. Children contribute more in reducing the financial burden as
compared to the children of developed nations. School enrollment being a
substitute of child labor and parents select the option of schooling and work
choice based on utility. The provision of free text books facilities of primary level can increase the
school enrollment. By providing different incentives at the early stage can
reduce child labor. Education can improve the skills and opportunities of
masses by means of governmental incentive program.
Serwadda
Luwaga (2005) has described that child labor is taking place all over the world
particularly in low income countries and these children are working in all
sectors of economy , such as , agriculture, manufacturing , fishing , construction
, domestic service, street vending etc. children are normally unregistered as
employers and working in a very poor and dangerous condition without social
protection.
From
the above review it can be said that most of these literatures partially
discuss the causes and consequences of children's work in hazardous sectors or
with less focus. But the main attention of my study will be on the causes and
consequences of children's involvement in hazardous work, especially in automobile
workshop because a good understanding about the causes of child labor can help
to develop workable strategies for campaign and activities against the worst
forms of child labor.
Research questions
Child
labor is an international phenomenon, its aspects and effects and condition of
effects varies from society to society, the present study is conducted keeping in view of the following objectives.
1. What
are the problems faced by children in automobile workshops?
2. What
are the factors which effects the mental and physical health of child labor?
3.What are the reasons which compel children in automobile workshops?
Limitations of the Study
While
conducting this research, the following problems were encountered -
Lack of
financial and logistic support
Problems
in determining the sample design and sample size.
Non-cooperation:
It was difficult to collect information from the working children. Since most
of them thought answering the questions as the waste of time. Many employers
were also doubtful about the objective of the research and did not let me
interview the children working in the workshop.
Though
the scope of the study was much broader but it was not possible for me to carry
out extensive research work involving several differentials that may be
important in the context
Chapter Two
(Methodology of the
Research)
Research Methods
This
study was conducted through qualitative research approach. Data have been
collected from children who work in the auto-mobile workshop. In this study
data have been collected through in-depth interview. Qualitative research
involves with collecting information about personal problems, life story,
interview, observation which were related to respondent's problem.
Methods of Data Collection
Interview
is a standard part of qualitative research. In-depth interview has been used as
data collection technique. All respondents were interviewed within the time
frame of 6:30 pm. to 8 p.m. because they used to be free time on that time.
Opinion from the interviewers suggested that children liked and enjoyed
face-to-face interview with curiosity. Children experiencing physical or
emotional abuse were addressed. After necessary editing and tabulating, the
collected data were analyzed by using thematic analysis methods. Apart from the
primary data, secondary data were also extracted from articles, journals,
research reports, and newspapers in order to compare the situations of working
children in automobile workshop
Hypothesis Building
Working Conditions Hypotheses:
Hypothesis 1: There is a significant
association between the nature of work undertaken by child workers in
auto-mobile workshops and their overall well-being.
Hypothesis
2: Child workers exposed to hazardous working conditions will exhibit lower
levels of physical and emotional well-being compared to those in safer
environments.
Hypothesis
3: Accessibility to education significantly impacts the educational pursuits of
child workers, with those facing fewer barriers demonstrating higher enrollment
rates.
Hypothesis
4: There is a need for targeted interventions and policy measures to address
the identified challenges and improve the conditions of children working in
auto-mobile workshops in Sylhet City.
These
hypotheses serve as a foundation for testing and analyzing the relationships
between various factors and the conditions of child workers in the automobile
workshop sector. The outcomes will contribute to a nuanced understanding of the
challenges faced by these children and guide the formulation of effective
interventions and policies.
Population and Sampling
The
children aged from 14-18 years regarded as the respondent of the study. These
large numbers of children are working at different points of the city
sporadically. According to the objectives of the study,Sylhet city was plotted
to my study area. All the working children and the owners of that auto-mobile
workshops of Sylhet city were my
population of this study.
Sampling
Procedure
In this
study, purposive sampling was used for selecting respondent. As it was an
academic research due to time limitation and budget constrain purposive
sampling was applied.
This is
a qualitative research that mainly solution problems with description. In this
study , to making question building are used yes/no ,how and why and then
elaborately it description.
Description of the study area
Description
of the study area is the act of describing the Characteristics, qualities and
physical features of an area, location, neighborhood, city or community that is
being studied on investigated for Research purposes.
Describing
a study area is an important part of research, not just to the researcher, but
to all concerned both now and in the future.
In the
perspective of this study, I selected the bypass area under the South surma
police station of Sylhet city. Because the Sylhet to Dhaka highway roads is
situated in this area and there are many auto mobile workshops were which
helped me collecting data for my research.
Justification for the selection of study area
Justification
for the study area means why this area are selected and what benefits are
available in this area.
I
selected the bypass area under south surma police Station of Sylhet city
because the sylhet to Dhaka highway passes through this area and there are many
automobile workshops which helped me to collected data for my research work.
Data Processing and Analysis
After
collecting data, these need to be analyzed. Thematic analysis was used to
analyze the data to know the opinion, attitude of the respondent.
Unit of analysis
By
using purposing sampling procedure 18 sample size was selected from several
auto mobile workshops. The owner of the automobile workshop and working
children Who were interested to talk the respondents. Among them 15 Children
tare were my respondent and 5 owners were my key informant.
Level of measurement
This
study was conducted through the qualitative research approach. In this study
duty have been collected through in-depth interview. Level of measurement has
four kinds such as Nominal ordinal, interval and Ratio. All of them, in the
perspective of this study, Nominal and ordinal
were used there.
Reliability and Validity
To
ensure reliability, the data collection process has standardized and data has
been collected from respondent sample of the population under the study.
To
ensure validity, the research design should be appropriate, the data collection
instruments was well designed.
Key terms defined
To
understand the overall condition of working children more thoroughly I took
interview of five employer who were considered as the key informants of this
study.
4.a Job Related Information of Children
Employers
or owners of the workshop or any job sectors play a vital role in involving
children in child labor. In this study 5 employers were asked several questions
how many children working under them, why they had choose children as their
employee, system of their payment like regular basis as well as overtime and
system of leave etc. From their answer it revealed that there was no fixed
number of child employee working under them. It depended on situation. But
about the systematic way of payment, all most all the key informants answered
in a same way that they considered workers skill and age on regular salary and provided
double salary for overtime work. Most of the informants replied that they
provide leave to the children once in a weak, only 1 employer informed that he
provided leave to the workers when they need.
4.b Information about Child Health
In
automobile workshop children often faced the health associated problems. To
reply one question, all most all the informants shared that most children
suffered from skin problem like itchy, allergy, loss of eye sight, breathing
problem, back pain, knee pain, headache, dizziness etc. They further replied
that these health problems could not be severe as they had already adapted
safety measures.
4.c Hazard and Risk Associated Work
To
answer such questions employers gave moth positive and negative answers. One of
the key informant told that." It is very common to be injured in this
sector while working. But that does not mean that all the time and it will last
for a long time. Within a period of time it recovers if proper treatment can be
ensured. In my workshop I bear all the medical expense of my workers."
a." He further added that" many people think that we force these
children to work. We never did so. But we can do nothing when parents of these
children request us to make them employee though they know that these
activities are risky and hazardous for these children".
4.d Problems and Challenges
While
dealing with the working children they revealed that most of them faced
problems in their workplace. In some cases it was quite challenging for them to
cope with workshop's environment. But on the same topic the key informers
answered differently. 3 of them told that workshop's environment was quite good
and children never felt challenging to cope up as all the colleagues or staffs
were very cordial and care giver and they themselves (employer) maintained a
good relationship with their worker. 2 of the employer told that they could not
provide lunch and washroom facility to the children. So the children may have
some problems in this regard.
Variable Specification
There
are two types of variable such as independent variable and dependent variable.
Independent Variables:
Nature of Work:
Operationalization:
Categorized into specific tasks, such as mechanical repairs, maintenance, and
other responsibilities within the auto-mobile workshops.
Measurement:
Nominal scale to capture the diversity of tasks undertaken by child workers.
Socio-economic
Conditions:
Operationalization:
Family income, parental employment status, and overall economic background.
Measurement:
Ordinal and interval scales for income and employment status, respectively.
Educational
Opportunities:
Operationalization:
Accessibility to education, enrollment status, and the impact of work on
educational pursuits.
Measurement:
Nominal and ordinal scales to categorize enrollment status and the degree of
impact on education.
Dependent Variables
Well-being
of Child Workers:
Operationalization:
Physical health, mental well-being, and emotional health of child workers.
Measurement:
Interval scales for physical health and emotional well-being, and ordinal scale
for mental well-being.
Working
Conditions:
Operationalization:
Safety measures, exposure to hazardous materials, and overall comfort within
the workplace.
Measurement:
Ordinal and nominal scales to assess safety measures and exposure to hazards.
Educational
Challenges:
Operationalization:
Barriers to education, including financial constraints, time constraints, and lack
of educational resources.
Measurement:
Nominal and ordinal scales to categorize barriers and assess their severity.
These
variable specifications provide a structured framework for data collection,
analysis, and interpretation in the study, ensuring a comprehensive
understanding of the conditions of children working in auto-mobile workshops in
Sylhet City.
Operational definition of variables
Children
Biologically
a child (plural: children) is a human being between the stages of birth and
puberty. According to United Nations Convention on The Rights of the Child,
"A human being below the age of 18years is regarded as child". In
this study, children means above 14 years and below 18 years old.
Condition
The
circumstances or factors affecting the way in which people live or work,
especially with regard to their well-being. In this study, condition is used to
mean the physical and mental health of a child labor, the hazards and risks
associated with their work and also the problems in challenges they face.
Auto-mobile Workshop
An
auto-mobile workshop is an establishment where automobiles are repaired by auto
mechanics and technicians.
Sylhet
City
Sylhet
is a district of Sylhet division in northeastern Bangladesh.
Ethical consideration
Before collecting information, verbal consent
of my respondents was taken. After taking their consent data was collected.
Personal data was kept with confidentiality. Pseudonym was also used while
collecting information. During data collection process, respondents were not
hurt and non-judgmental attitude has been shown.
Budget
This paper was conducted for academic purpose
of Masters second semester. So researcher bore all the cost of transportation,
questionnaire and all other expenses.
Chapter Three
(Theoretical Framework)
The
study is anchored in a multidimensional theoretical framework that integrates
concepts from several established theories to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the conditions of children working in auto-mobile workshops in
Sylhet City.
1.
Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979):
Bronfenbrenner's
Ecological Systems Theory provides a foundational perspective for understanding
the intricate interactions between child workers and their environments. This
theory posits that individuals are influenced by a series of nested
environmental systems, including the microsystem (immediate environment),
mesosystem (interactions between microsystems), exosystem (external
environments impacting microsystems), and macrosystem (cultural and societal
factors). In the context of this study:
Microsystem:
Represents the direct interactions between child workers and their immediate
environments within auto-mobile workshops, including the nature of work, safety
conditions, and relationships with co-workers.
Mesosystem:
Examines the connections between the child's working environment and other
influential systems, such as familial support and educational institutions.
Exosystem:
Encompasses broader factors, including socio-economic conditions and community
support, influencing the child's experiences within the auto-mobile workshop
microsystem.
2.
Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986):
Bandura's
Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes the role of observational learning and
social influence in shaping behaviors. In the context of child labor in
auto-mobile workshops:
Observational
Learning: Child workers may acquire behaviors, attitudes, and coping mechanisms
by observing the actions and experiences of their peers and adult colleagues in
the workplace.
Self-efficacy:
The theory suggests that the belief in one's capability to overcome challenges
is crucial. Child workers' perceptions of their ability to navigate their
working conditions and educational challenges will impact their overall
well-being.
3.
Human Rights and Child Labor Framework:
Drawing
from international human rights principles and conventions, this framework
emphasizes the rights of the child as articulated in the United Nations
Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). The UNCRC provides a normative
foundation for evaluating the working conditions of children, highlighting the
rights to education, protection from exploitation, and the right to health and
well-being.
4.
Capability Approach (Sen, 1985):
Amartya
Sen's Capability Approach focuses on individuals' ability to achieve valuable
functioning and well-being. In the context of child labor, this approach helps
assess the impact of working conditions on the child workers' capabilities,
such as their ability to access education, maintain good health, and experience
positive social relationships.
Why these theory are follow in this research
The
chosen theoretical framework for the research paper, which integrates concepts
from Ecological Systems Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, Human Rights and Child
Labor Framework and Capability Approach, is selected for several reasons:
Comprehensive
Understanding:
The
Ecological Systems Theory provides a holistic understanding of the various
levels of influence on child workers, from their immediate working environment
(microsystem) to broader socio-economic and cultural factors (exosystem and
macrosystem). This allows for a nuanced exploration of the conditions these
children face.
Social
Cognitive Theory, particularly its emphasis on observational learning and
self-efficacy, is relevant in the context of child workers who may learn
behaviors, coping mechanisms, and attitudes from their immediate working
environment. Understanding these psychological processes is essential for a
comprehensive analysis.
Human
Rights Perspective:
Incorporating
the Human Rights and Child Labor Framework ensures that the study aligns with
international norms and principles, emphasizing the rights of the child as
articulated in the UNCRC. This perspective provides a normative basis for
evaluating the ethical dimensions of child labor.
Assessment
of Capabilities:
The
Capability Approach by Amartya Sen contributes to evaluating the impact of
working conditions on the child workers' capabilities. This approach considers
not only the actual functionings achieved by individuals but also their freedom
to choose and achieve valuable functionings.
In
summary, the selected theoretical framework is designed to provide a
well-rounded and multi-faceted lens through which the research can analyze the
conditions of children working in auto-mobile workshops in Sylhet City. It aims
to capture the complexity of the issue, understand the lived experiences of
child workers, and offer insights that can contribute to both academic
knowledge and practical interventions.
Conceptual
Theoritical Framework
Off-farm
employment
Some
activities leading to production of goods and services that are primarily
intended for sale in the market e.g. garments worker, van puller, tricycle
mechanic, automobile repairer, shop keeper, worker in tobacco company, bedding
rolling and hotel boy
On-farm
employment
Activities
leading to production of goods primarily for own consumption- agricultural day
laborer, crops and their storage, wood cutting, fishing, nursery, poultry
rearing, cattle rearing
Children
in paid work
Children
in productive activities
Working
Children
Children
in productive activities with salary/wage
Children
in productive activities with food/wage/crops
Children
in non-paid work
Unpaid
household services (household chores) Activities performed by a household
member for consumption within their own household, such as cooking, washing,
indoor and outdoor cleaning, looking after younger siblings, other domestic
work and laborer in their own farms and off farms
Children
in non- productive activities
Non-productive
activities
Activities
whose performance cannot be delegated to another person with the same desired
results (e.g. education, leisure and culture and personal care)
Chapter Four
(Data
Analysis and Processing and Finding)
Case History
Case-1
Salam
(pseudonym) a 16 years old boy is a worker in auto-mobile workshop named “S.A.
Automobiles workshop". His father was a day labor and her mother was a
housewife He lived in a village named kushighat. It was a joint family
consisted of 9 members. He completed his primary education but due to his poor
economic condition he left the school and joined as an employee in a workshop
at the age of 12 years in the year of 2015. It was his first job. At the
beginning, he started working without any remuneration. He went through a lot
of hardship. Sometimes it was very painful too because it was comparatively
heavy work for him to bear at that early age. Besides he was not strong enough
to deal with such heavy workload. As he had been working here for 4 years, he
shared his work experience from a beginner to skilled worker. The researcher
asked him some questions and he replied " I had a strong zeal for
education. My dream was to be a teacher. I always stood first in my class. Even
I got scholarship in my primary school certificate examination. I was about to
admit in class 6 but accidentally my father died of tuberculosis. My life was
stuck in that period. Everything was changed within a moment.. All of my dreams
were broken. As I was the eldest son of my parents, I had nothing but had to
take the responsibility of the whole family. On that time I was too little to
handle all the responsibilities. As a consequence I was bound to join this
workshop." Sharing this story he became emotional. Then he again started
with "At the beginning it was quite challenging for me to live here as it
was a new place for me. I was not used to mix with lots of people. Here I had
to deal with many stranger everyday. Though the staffs were very cordial to me,
I felt uneasy to share my problems to them. The working environment was very
suffocating to me as toxic air was everywhere. The smell of paint was
unbearable to me. Even I got some injuries in my early time. I also felt
headache, vomiting, dizzy but now I am used to all sort of problems. It has
become a part of my walk of life. The first 6 months of my working life, I did
not get any remuneration rather I worked here as an apprentice. Then after 6
months I got my first salary which was 1500 tk. It was not enough amount of
money to maintain my family, but still I was happy to get it. Still now I use
to work late night. Even on an average everyday I work 10-12 hours. 1 don't
like to work here. As I have dreamt that I'll be a teacher one day. This dream
has changed over time. Now I want to be a successful businessman so that i can
support my family and lead a happy life
Case-2
Shawpan
(pseudonym) a boy of 16 years old works in an auto mobile workshop named
“Jamuna Auto workshop" His father was a mason And mother was a housewife.
His parents lived in Largamohallia, Shahmosthofa road, moulvibazar and he lived
here with workshop owner house. He was a student of class five and then he
could not continue his study because including him there were 4 students in his
family. It was really tough for his father to maintain all the educational
expense of 4 children at a time with his income as well as to maintain a family
with 6 members. So, he requested shawpan to join a tea stall which was near to
his home. According to his father's wish, Shwapon joined that stall at the age
of 11. There he had to work 8 hours per day. Shawpan liked to play games. His
favourite game was cricket and he was a big fan of Sakib All Hasan. One day he
went to watch a cricket match during rush hour leaving all the activities
undone. For this reason his employer got angry and bit him brutally on the next
day. Shawpan was too young to bear this torture and he caught sever fever. From
that day he decided to leave that job and never go back. After this incident
some days he remained workless in his house. He could understand his father's
struggling. So he again decided to join any kind of work sector. Then in 2016,
at the age of 13 he joined the present workplace, Jamuna Auto workshop".
He started to work here with new hope, new dream. According to Shawpan,
"At first I used to do some work like-glass repairing, washing specific
body parts of the vehicles etc. I was not an expert employee so my work was not
fixed. I used to work under the guidance of senior colleagues. Day by day I
became a skilled worker and now I used to busy with spray painting."
Though gradually Shawpan became an efficient worker he shared that he also
suffered from some health issues such as- breathing problem(Asthma), allergy,
dizziness et. The problem for which he suffered most was breathing problem (Asthma).
He further added that "most of my money are spent for my medical checkup.
I have to take medicine of 200tk per week. I can’t ignore it as it is necessary
for my health. On the other hand I can’t leave this work as I need money for
myself as well as for my family."
Case-3
Shahin
(pseudonym) a boy of 16 years old works in an auto mobile workshop named
"Ma Auto workshop and engineering". His father was a cook and mother
was a maid servant. He lived with his family (consisting of 7 members) in ,Khadimnagar,Sylhet
city. He was a student of class eight and then he left the school because he
did not like to study. He started mixing with bad company so his father decided
to engage with some activity. That's why he joined this workshop. He joined
this workplace 2 and half years ago. And during this period he got injured for
many times such as getting injury in shoulder, leg, cutting hand etc. He was
naughty in nature. So always he was messed with some accidents. But one
accident had changed his life. Shahin shared that one day he was caring a body
part(window) of a vehicle. A newly painted vehicle (voxy car) was kept there.
Shahin was not careful enough and passed the car by caring that window in his
hand. But unintentionally the new car was rubbed by Shahin through the window
and made a scratch. After seeing that the owner of that workshop got angry and
started abusing him. He accused shahin for his mistake and fined him 30000tk to
repay instantly because the expense of the newly painted car was very high.
Shahin was unable to repay that money because on that time his wage was only
1500tk. So the employer declared that shahin has to work for him 2 years
without any remuneration. Shahin said that" I was quite upset on that time
and also felt guilty for my mistake. But I was unable to decline my punishment
by requesting my boss. He called my father and informed him everything. On that
time, my father was also unable to repay the money. So i was nothing but to
accept the punishment".
Case-4
Talha
(pseudonym) a boy of 14 years old works in an auto mobile workshop. His father
was a day-labour and mother was a house wife. He studied in class 2 but did not
complete his primary education due to economic insecurity. He lived in
Majortilla,Nathpara,Sylhet city. To support his Parents. He joined a workshop
dealing with auto mobile engineering. In his workplace he maintained a good
relationship with his colleague and boss He joined this workplace willingly 11
month ago and he could successfully manage to avoid any kind of injury. But
sometimes he feels some health problem such as headache, cough, vision problem,
knee pain, back pain etc. According to him." I like to work here because
my boss and colleagues love me, care for me. As i am not expert enough to do
other work, and have not previous experience, these activities are convenient
for me.
Data Analysis and Processing and Findings
The
purpose of the study was to explore the overall condition of children who are
working in auto-mobile workshop and the specific objectives were to know the
reasons for working as a child labor, to explore the health status of the child
labor to understand the hazards and risks associated with the work to identify
the problems and challenges that child workers face in the work. From this
study, several issues have revealed. One of the significant demographic
characteristics of working children is age. In this study the age limit of the
respondents were limited from 14 to 18. During conducting this study,
researcher found that all the respondents were belonged to the religion of
Islam.
The
study showed that 2 working children were attending school while working. On
the other hand some working children never ever attended any school education
due to poverty However, most of the working children (12) who were lucky enough
to attend school and completed primary education but later they were forced to
left school before completing their secondary education due to several causes
such as economic problem, migration, health issue, natural hazards, family
problem etc. About a large portion of the working children had attributed
economic hardship as the main cause for their disruption in education.
This
study revealed that their parents performed several activities as farmer, cook,
masonic, housewife, maid-servant etc. Among them 3 were farmer, I was mason, 1
was cook, 3 were day laborer. Besides, it was found that highest number of
parents (5) remained jobless among 15 respondents. They did not engage with any
kind of work. They were simply unemployed. Furthermore, some respondents were
also found as orphan but they were fewer in number.
This
findings revealed two major reason were responsible for their involvement in
works. One of them was children willingly choose this profession and another
one was they were the victim of the situation. Most of the children answered
that they did not like to study. So it was better for them to join any sort of
job. Besides they wanted to support their parents and contribute in their
family income. Among 15 respondents 2 of them answered that in their previous
job they got little money which was quite disappointing. Now they got comparatively
better salary. That's why they preferred to work here. 4 respondents replied
that this workplace were near to their home. They could live with their family
members at the same time they could earn money by working here. But majority of
the respondents blamed
their
lock as they were born in a poor family. Their poor economic condition bound
them to join this risky work. They further added that their parents forced them
to earn money my any means.
Their
income was varied from one to another according to their skill, age, working
capacity and the pattern of the distribution of wage such as daily basis,
weekly basis and monthly basis. The range of their income was from 1,500 to
10,000tk. The study revealed that 2 children got 50tk daily as their were newcomer.
However, there was one who earned daily 100tk. The rest of the children
received lowest 4,000tk to highest 10,0000tk according to their skill including
overtime services.
In this
report researcher found that a significant portion (9) of the working children
lived with their families as it was near to their work place and it also saved
expenditure. Among them most of the working children could not afford to live
in their own house. So they chose to live either in a slum, koloni or in a
rented house. While some children (4) lived along with their co-worker by
renting a house or a room and the rest (2) lived along with their employer in
the employer's house.
Automobile
workshop provides several services such as air conditioner repairing, glass
repairing, transmission of body parts, electrification etc. In this study it
was revealed that different types of woks were existing for child the worker.
Some specific works for them were changing tires of different vehicles, car
battery replacement, glass repairing, welding. spray painting, engine
repairing, washing specific vehicle body parts with fuel.
Another
picture of deprivation was revealed as the children were questioned about their
income. In most cases the children's income was not adequate as compared to
their duration of work and responsibility. Among the working children only a
fraction of working children (3) was fortunate enough having income of more
than 8000 tk. Rest of them got 1500, 2000, 4000, 6000, 7000 tk.
Taking
the opportunity poverty and misfortune of the child labors the employers
compelled them to work even without any break. Some of the child labor (2)
interviewed for this research was found to work all the 7 days of a week and
majority of the children(13) could manage 1 day leave in a week. The data
revealed that most child workers (9) had to work 10 to 12 hours a day.
It is
quite visible that in Bangladesh workplace hardly ensure the healthy
environment for their employees. This problem is acutely visible in those
sectors where children are
involved.
As most of the children were not conscious about their health risks, they did
not know whether their workplace maintained hygiene or not. Even most of the
employer were unknown about the way of maintaining hygiene. In some cases the
owner did not think that healthy environment of workplace is important which
created a negative effect on children health. When the children were asked
about the health problems 11 respondents answered that they had to suffer from
different sorts of health problem most commonly fever, stomach problem, cold,
cough, headache, lack of eyesight, etc. during the course of action. Besides,
for using chemical and heavy instruments, they often faced itchy on their skin,
burning body parts, physical impairment also happened.
As all
of the respondents were belong to poor family, they usually depend on available
low cost, treatment facilities, like homeopathic doctor (4 respondents), local
community clinic (5), local medicine seller (6) etc. Besides, majority of
children (12) bore their medical expense from themselves and only 3 respondents
getting this facility from their employer.
Regarding
food habit rice, bread, banana and tea have been found as the 4 most favoured
items taken by almost all the working children but very often they have to
depend on rice. Though significant number of children stated that they brought
food from their house for themselves, about some of the working children
admitted that they had to contribute for their meals. The rest were depended on
hotel's meal.
Tube-well
and supply water have been found to be main sources of water used for daily
purpose. Some workshop could not provide pure water to the working children so
they are compelled to depend on surface water for different purposes. Only 6
children are lucky enough to get pure water in the workplace. The rest of the
children had to manage water for themselves. The data revealed majority (11) of
the working children as well as their families did not boil water at all to
purify the water.
The
working children had inadequate access to modern and hygienic sanitary
facilities. Some of the working children(7) had found to be lucky enough to use
sanitary latrine, while the rest had to depend on kacha latrine, ring slab,
open places and other unhygienic mean
As
observed the working environment of the child labor was very unhygienic in most
cases. Also the workers were not very much concerned about their own safety and
hygiene. some sorts of occupational injuries happened because of using toxic
chemical, heavy instruments, electronic equipment's etc.
Working
environment is very significant in a workers life because a good environment can
help the workers to improve the performance and ensure work safely. On the
other hand, an unhealthy environment begets several risks and hampers activity
by threatening life.
Depending
on the families or own needs and other differentials of child labor their employment
status could be classified into different categories, such as employee full
time, employee part time, self- employed/own account employee etc. The
researcher showed 13 respondents among 15 work as full time employee, while
only 2 children worked as part time employee. Most of the child workers replied
that they contributed to their family at least a portion of their income.
Findings indicate that in most of the cases the personal relationship between
the child workers and their employers was good. A large portion of children(8)
did not recognize the exploitative terms and conditions of work and did not
mind the psychological distance between them. But this scenario was hardly
found in some cases. Some(5) working children experienced such brutal and inhuman
condition which effected their physical and mental health.
The
child workers access to recreational activities was found to be very limited.
The children either had no time after work or were too tired after work to take
part in recreational activities.
All
most all the respondents complained that they did not get any chance to take
bath. They had to wait until they went home. This situation increased the risk
of their skin problem. Such as itchy, allergy, rash etc.
Another
problem that children frequently encounter was, cutting remuneration. Most of
the respondents (10) reported that when that took leave from their work it
might be for sickness or other purpose like attending a function, marriage
ceremony, funeral ceremony etc. the employer cut their remuneration. But there
was some exceptions also. Among all the respondents some children said that
they could enjoy the leave with payment.
Working
on this sector always effects the mental and physical health of the employee.
The performance of a worker largely depends on the satisfaction level about his
or her job. one third of the respondents replied that they were not satisfied
with their work because their remuneration was not satisfactory according to
such heavy work pressure.
All
most all the key informants answered in a same way that they considered workers
skill and age on regular salary and provided double salary for overtime work.
Most of them provide leave to the children once in a weak.
In
automobile workshop children often faced the health associated problems
Informants shared that most children suffered from skin problem like itchy,
allergy, lose of eye sight. Breathing problem, back pain, knee pain, headache,
dizziness etc. They further replied that these bath problems could not be
severe as they had already adapted safety measures.
Chapter Five
(Conclusion)
Major findings of the Study
This
study helps to find out the socio-economic condition of the working children in
automobile workshop. At the same time, it also reveals the reasons of their
involvement in such sectors, the problem and challenges they encounter while
dealing with risk associated work and their health problems.
Socio-economic Condition
Nature of Food Intake
Regarding
food habit rice, bread, banana and tea have been found as the 4 most favoured
items taken by almost all the working children but very often they have to
depend on rice Though significant number of children stated that they brought
food from their house for themselves, about some of the working children admitted
that they had to contribute for their meals. The rest were depended on hotel's
meal.
Access to Pure Water and Sanitation
Facilities
Tube-well
and supply water have been found to be main sources of water used for daily
purpose. Some workshop could not provide pure water to the working children so
they are compelled to depend on surface water for different purposes. Only 6
children are lucky enough to get pure water in the workplace. The rest of the
children had to manage water for themselves. The data revealed majority (11) of
the working children as well as their families did not boil water at all to
purify the water.
The
working children had inadequate access to modern and hygienic sanitary
facilities. Some of the working children(7) had found to be lucky enough to use
sanitary latrine, while the rest bad to depend on kacha latrine, ring slab,
open places and other unhygienic means.
Hazard
and Risk Associated Work
Occupational Health Hazards
As
observed the working environment of the child labor was very unhygienic in most
cases. Also the workers were not very much concerned about their own safety and
hygiene. Even while working with razor sharp tools or electrical components or
at the time of welding they hardly maintain any safety measures. The data
reveals that among 15 respondents 8 working children received some sorts of
occupational injuries while working because of using toxic chemical, heavy
instruments, electronic equipment's etc.
Working Environment
Working
environment is very significant in a workers life because a good environment
can help the workers to improve the performance and ensure work safely. On the
other hand, an unhealthy environment begets several risks and hampers activity
by threatening life. This research reveals facts of working environment. Such
as-
Nature of occupation
Not all
of them were full time employees. Depending on the families or own needs and
other differentials of child labor their employment status could be classified
into different categories, such as employee full time, employee part time,
self- employed/own account employee etc. Information gathered by the researcher
showed 13 respondents among 15 work as full time employee, while only 2
children worked as part time employee.
In
response to another question most of the child workers replied that they
contributed to their family at least a portion of their income.
Relationship with the Employers
Findings
indicate that in most of the cases the personal relationship between the child
workers and their employers was good. A large portion of children(8) did not
recognize the exploitative terms and conditions of work and did not mind the
psychological distance between them. The employers did not punish the children
severely except in a very few extreme cases. On the other hand many employers
were found to be very supportive and nice to the working children. But this
scenario was hardly found in some cases. All children were not lucky enough to
get such healthy working environment. 5 working children experienced such brutal
and inhuman condition which effected their physical and mental health.
Recreational Activities
The
child workers access to recreational activities was found to be very limited.
The children either had no time after work or were too tired after work to take
part in recreational activities. They also lacked space for game and sports.
However, 10 respondents mentioned watching television or listening music is
their main source of recreation as it involves minimum cost. Only 3 working
children perform games and sports as their main recreational activities
specially on weekend.
Problems and Challenges
Lack of Washroom
While
working children encountered lots of problems. All most all the respondents
complained that they did not get any chance to take bath. They had to wait
until they went
home.
This situation increased the risk of their skin problem. One of the respondent
named Raju( pseudonym) shared that before joining this workshop, he never
experienced any kind of skin disease as well as allergy. But when he joined
this workplace, there was too much work pressure that he could not manage to
take shower and it happened to him very frequently. After 6 months he noticed
that there was rash in his hand and feet.. At first he did not pay much
attention on it but later it spread all over the body.
Cutting Remuneration
Another
problem that children frequently encounter was, cutting remuneration. Most of
the respondents (10) reported that when that took leave from their work it
might be for sickness on other purpose like attending a function, marriage
ceremony, funeral ceremony etc. the employer cut their remuneration. Even 3
respondents informed that they had to fill up those leave by working extra
hours without payment. But there was some exceptions also. Among all the
respondents 2 children said that they could enjoy the leave with payment. Their
employer was kind enough to grant them leave whenever they wanted if there was
no work pressure in the workshop.
Mental pressure
Working
on any sector always effects the mental and physical health of the employee. In
this study, one of the core aim of the researcher was to find out the mental
state of the respondents. Among 15 respondents, 9 of them answered that they
faced lots of mental pressure during rush hour. Gee respondent said that one
day 1 was assigned with lots of duties and I was given the time limit to
complete the task before evening. On that day I had been working for 8 hours at
a stress without having food and rest. I could not bear that pressure and felt
dizzy. All on a sudden, I was fainted.
Job satisfaction
Every
person has some expectations about their job or occupation. The performance of
a worker largely depends on the satisfaction level about his or her job.
Effective outcome or result can be achieved if someone is satisfied with his
occupation. In this study, the researcher tried to find out whether the
respondents were satisfied with their work or not. On the reply of this
question, one third of the respondents replied that they were not satisfied with
their work because their remuneration was not satisfactory according to such
heavy work pressure. Besides, in the workshops there were not healthy
environments for work Two third of the respondents answered that they hardly
got some good behavior from their colleagues. One of the respondent stated that
they "I have been working in a workshop for last 7 years, but my wage did
not increased according to my skill. I only get 5000tk though 1 work hard As I
have to maintain my family, I cannot leave this work right now until I can manage
a suitable work for me."
Conclusion
Children are the future of a nation. Therefore, if they are exploited at a very early age they would not be able to contribute to the country and would hamper the progress. But the problem of child labor is a socio-economic reality of Bangladesh. This issue is enormous and can’t be ignored. This study indicates the situation of working children in automobile workshop and try to find out the reasons of their involvement in such hazardous work, their health condition and overall the problems and challenges they face during and after the work. Several information has revealed from this study and they indicate that poverty is the main push factor of child labor. They willingly or unwillingly involved with this work and embrace all kinds of risk associated works for their survival which has a negative effect on our society. Moreover, it consistently expressed their concern about the absence of a safe environment which leads to abuse and exploitation within workplace. They also suffer from health injury due to working at their premature stage. Therefore, a need to identify the vulnerable children and point out their problems has come to light. As this problem has been increasing in our country, Bangladesh is obliged to under both national and international law and promotes the rights and interests of the children. The constitution of Bangladesh and the Children's Act 1974 guarantees basic and fundamental rights of the children. But still children involved in automobile sectors and some other sectors are deprived of their fundamental needs and protection which hampers their both physical and mental development. To deal with such condition it is believed that, poverty alleviation is a pre-condition to elimination or at least minimization of child labor. In other words, child labor is such a major chronic economic Issue in Bangladesh that it cannot be stopped simply by a piece of legislation, rather it can be eliminated only by adoption of alternative moods of income for those who depend on child labor and suitable long term economic measures, obviously with massive international support.
Recommendations
Child
labor is a challenging and worthy task and requires financial, moral and
political support from all the level of the society. In reality, Child labor
can't be virtually removed from a now because the problem of country such as
Bangladesh child labor is just indissolubly rooted in our society, so attempts
have to be made in the first place to decrease it.
Child
labor must be prohibited in its all forms. In order to mitigate this evil the
following suggestions are given
1.
Projects of poverty alleviation should be launched because poor economic
conditions is diagnosed as the major reason of child labor.
2.
Government should create international Conventions for reducing child labor.
3.
Ensure social security.
4.
Implementation of education policy.
5.
Creates awareness among society and parents about the consequences of risky
child labor.
6.
Provide allowances for the poor families
8.
Release child from harmful and dangerous work.
9.
"Food For Study " program can be better solution.
10.The issue of child labor is not too difficult to be solved. Only it needs a sincere political will and a serious sense of social responsibility on Part of all segments of society.
References
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Sarita Bharti. (2013). Physical & Psychological Hazards Faced by Child Labour-A InReview Article. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 13(6), 29- 33. Retrieved from www.losrjournals.Org
Uddin, M. N., Hamiduzzaman, M., & Gunter, B. G. (2009). Physical and Psychological Implications of Risky Child Labor: A Study in Sylhet City, Bangladesh. SSRN Electronic Jurnal, 8(8), https://doi.org/10.2139/ssn.1428206
KAshagrie, (1998). Statistics on Working Children and Hazardous Child Labour in Brief InterantionalLabour Office
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I.M.S(2007), "Glimpse on Child Labor: A Study On Child Labor Situation In
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Appendix
SHAHJALAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,SYLHET
Department
of Political Studies.
“
Conditions of Children working in Auto – mobile Workshop: A Study in Sylhet
City’’
Applicable
For: Working children in Auto-mobile Workshop.
[ Dear respondent,the information provided by you in this check list will be used for academic purpose.Your responses will be kept strictly confidential. Your participation is completely voluntary you are free to withdraw yourself this study/ interview at any time.]
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5.9 gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úK©
fv‡jv bv Lvivc :
5.10 KL‡bv IqvK©kc †_‡K
†ei K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q wK bv:
5.11 wbqwgZ †eZb cvq wK
bv:
5.12 GB PvKwi‡Z K‡ZvUv mš‘ó: G‡Kev‡iB mš‘ó bv n‡j KviY wK:
Kx Bbdig¨v›U‡`i Rb¨ †PKwj÷
(A‡Uv‡gvevBj IqvK©k‡ci gvwjK/ g¨v‡bRvi‡`i Rb¨ cª‡hvR¨)
1. wkï kªwgK‡`i PvKwi
msµvšÍ mvaviY Z_¨vw`
1.1 Avcbvi IqvK©k‡c
†gvU KZRb wkï kªwgK (18 eQ‡ii wb‡P eqm) KvR K‡i:
1.2 Zv‡`i‡K wK Avcwb
†W‡K G‡b‡Qb bvwK bvwK Zviv G‡m PvKwii Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡i‡Qb:
1.3 Zv‡`i‡K ˆ`wbK wfwˇZ
†eZb †`b bvwK mvßvwnK / gvwmK wfwˇZ †eZb:
1.4 Zv‡`i‡K mßv‡n Kqw`b
Ges ˆ`wbK Kq N›Uv KvR Ki‡Z nq:
1.5 Zv‡`i †Kvb IfviUvBg Av‡Q wK bv,_vK‡j †m mg‡qi Rb¨ †eZb †`Iqv nq wK bv:
2. wkï kªwgK‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ msµvšÍ Z_¨vw`
2.1 A‡Uv‡gvevBj
IqvK©k‡ci KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q wkï kªwgK‡`i kvixwiK wK wK mgm¨v †`Lv †`q:
2.2 GB mgm¨vw` wK
mvivRxeb †_‡K hvq bvwK GLvb †_‡K PvKwi
†Q‡o P‡j †M‡j fv‡jv n‡q hvq:
2.3 Zv‡`i kvixwiK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡j wK IqvK©kc †_‡K wPwKrmvi LiP enb Kiv nq wK bv:
3. wkï kªwgK‡`i IqvK©k‡c PvKwiKvjxb ANUb I wi¯‹mg~n
3.1 wkï kªwgK‡`i
IqvK©k‡ci Kv‡R Kx ai‡bi ANUb I mgm¨vw` †`Lv †`q:
3.2 GB¸‡jv wK cªvqB
N‡U:
3.3 ANUb hv‡Z bv N‡U
Zvi Rb¨ wK Avcbviv c~e© cª¯ÍywZ wb‡q iv‡Lb:
3.4 `yN©Ubvq wkï
kªwgKiv co‡j Avcwb wK e¨e¯’v wb‡q _v‡Kb:
3.5 †Kvb A½ nvwb NU‡j Zvi Kx ¶wZc~iY w`‡q _v‡Kb:
4. PvKwii mgm¨vw` I P¨v‡jÄmg~n
4.1 wkï kªwgK‡`i
`ycy‡ii fvZ wK Avcbvi IqvK©kc mieivn K‡i _v‡K:
4:2 Zv‡`i †Mvmj Kivi
e¨e¯’v IqvK©k‡c Av‡Q wK bv:
4.3 Zv‡`i Rb¨ Kx weï×
cvwbi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q :
4.4 Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv wKQy
LvIqvi Av‡M Ges Uq‡jU e¨envi Kivi ci mvevb w`‡q nvZ †avqiv e¨e¯’v Av‡Q wK bv :
4.5 Avcbvi mv‡_ wkï
kªwgK‡`i Kg©MZ m¤úK© †Kgb:
4.6 †Kvb Kv‡R fyj Ki‡j
Zv‡`i mv‡_ Avcwb Zv‡`i mv‡_ wKiƒc AvPiY K‡i _v‡Kb:
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